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KVO
KVO的全称是Key-Value Observing,俗称“键值监听”,可以用于监听某个对象属性值的改变
KVO的使用
可以通过addObserver: forKeyPath:方法对属性发起监听,然后通过observeValueForKeyPath: ofObject: change:方法中对应进行监听,见下面示例代码
// 示例代码
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (assign, nonatomic) int age;
@property (assign, nonatomic) int height;
@end
@implementation Person
@end
@interface ViewController ()
@property (strong, nonatomic) Person *person1;
@property (strong, nonatomic) Person *person2;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
self.person1 = [[Person alloc] init];
self.person1.age = 1;
self.person2 = [[Person alloc] init];
self.person2.age = 2;
// 打印添加监听之前person1和person2对应的isa指针指向的类型
NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之前 - %@ %@",
object_getClass(self.person1),
object_getClass(self.person2));
// 打印结果:Person Person
// 打印添加监听之前person1和person2对应的setAge方法是否有改变
NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之前 - %p %p",
[self.person1 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)],
[self.person2 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
// 0x10b60c4b0 0x10b60c4b0
// 给person1对象添加KVO监听
NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
[self.person1 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:@"123"];
// 打印添加监听之后person1和person2对应的isa指针指向的类型
NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之后 - %@ %@",
object_getClass(self.person1),
object_getClass(self.person2));
// 打印结果:NSKVONotifying_Person Person
// 打印添加监听之后person1和person2对应的setAge方法是否有改变
NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之前 - %p %p",
[self.person1 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)],
[self.person2 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
// 0x7fff207b62b7 0x10b60c4b0
}
- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event
{
self.person1.age = 20;
}
- (void)dealloc {
[self.person1 removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age"];
}
// 当监听对象的属性值发生改变时,就会调用
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change context:(void *)context
{
NSLog(@"监听到%@的%@属性值改变了 - %@ - %@", object, keyPath, change, context);
}
@end
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注意: 监听的对象销毁之前要移除该监听removeObserver: forKeyPath:
KVO的实现本质
1.通过上面示例代码发现,函数在调用addObserver: forKeyPath:方法之后,person1的实例对象的isa指针指向了一个新的类型NSKVONotifying_Person,而没有添加监听的person2的isa指针还是指向了Person这个类型
2.我们发现通过object_getClass打印person1的类对象和元类对象都是新派生出来的NSKVONotifying_Person这个类型
欢迎大家来到IT世界,在知识的湖畔探索吧!NSLog(@"类对象 - %@ %@",
object_getClass(self.person1),
object_getClass(self.person2));
// NSKVONotifying_Person Person
NSLog(@"元类对象 - %@ %@",
object_getClass(object_getClass(self.person1)),
object_getClass(object_getClass(self.person2)));
// NSKVONotifying_Person Person
3.我们发现通过object_getClass打印person1的superclass是Person这个类型,说明新派生出来的NSKVONotifying_Person是Person的子类
NSLog(@"父类 - %@ %@",
object_getClass(self.person1).superclass,
object_getClass(self.person2).superclass);
// Person NSObject
4.通过打印我们发现,person1调用的setAge方法的内存地址发生了改变,通过LLDB打印该地址的详细信息发现setAge方法的实现实际是Foundation框架中的_NSSetIntValueAndNotify这个函数
欢迎大家来到IT世界,在知识的湖畔探索吧!(lldb) p (IMP)0x7fff207b62b7
(IMP) $2 = 0x00007fff207b62b7 (Foundation`_NSSetIntValueAndNotify)
(lldb) p (IMP) 0x108801480
(IMP) $3 = 0x0000000108801480 (Interview01`-[Person setAge:] at Person.m:13)
5.我们手动创建这个派生类型NSKVONotifying_Person,并且在Person里面重写setAge:、willChangeValueForKey:、didChangeValueForKey:这三个方法,运行程序并观察调用情况
@interface NSKVONotifying_Person : Person
@end
@implementation NSKVONotifying_Person
@end
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (assign, nonatomic) int age;
@property (assign, nonatomic) int height;
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)setAge:(int)age
{
_age = age;
NSLog(@"setAge:");
}
- (void)willChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key
{
[super willChangeValueForKey:key];
NSLog(@"willChangeValueForKey");
}
- (void)didChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key
{
NSLog(@"didChangeValueForKey - begin");
[super didChangeValueForKey:key];
NSLog(@"didChangeValueForKey - end");
}
@end
由此可见,当监听的属性发生改变,系统派生出的这个类NSKVONotifying_Person会对应的先后调用willChangeValueForKey:、setAge:、didChangeValueForKey:这三个方法,并在didChangeValueForKey:里调用观察者的observeValueForKeyPath: ofObject: change:来通知值属性值的变化
// 执行后打印
2021-01-19 13:42:02.071987+0800 Interview01[37119:19609444] willChangeValueForKey
2021-01-19 13:42:02.072192+0800 Interview01[37119:19609444] setAge:
2021-01-19 13:42:02.072332+0800 Interview01[37119:19609444] didChangeValueForKey - begin
2021-01-19 13:42:02.072662+0800 Interview01[37119:19609444] 监听到<Person: 0x6000036ac2c0>的age属性值改变了 - {
kind = 1;
new = 21;
old = 1;
} - 123
2021-01-19 13:42:02.072817+0800 Interview01[37119:19609444] didChangeValueForKey - end
6.通过class方法打印person1的类发现还是Person这个类型,说明在派生出的这个类NSKVONotifying_Person内部重写了class方法,并返回的是Person这个类型。所以只能通过object_getClass才能获取到真实的类型
NSLog(@"%@ %@",
[self.person1 class],
[self.person2 class]);
// Person Person
NSLog(@"%@ %@",
object_getClass(self.person1),
object_getClass(self.person2));
// NSKVONotifying_Person Person
7.通过Runtime的class_copyMethodList函数查看NSKVONotifying_Person内部还动态生成了dealloc、_isKVOA这两个函数
- (void)printMethodNamesOfClass:(Class)cls
{
unsigned int count;
// 获得方法数组
Method *methodList = class_copyMethodList(cls, &count);
// 存储方法名
NSMutableString *methodNames = [NSMutableString string];
// 遍历所有的方法
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
// 获得方法
Method method = methodList[i];
// 获得方法名
NSString *methodName = NSStringFromSelector(method_getName(method));
// 拼接方法名
[methodNames appendString:methodName];
[methodNames appendString:@", "];
}
// 释放
free(methodList);
// 打印方法名
NSLog(@"%@ %@", cls, methodNames);
}
[self printMethodNamesOfClass:object_getClass(self.person1)];
[self printMethodNamesOfClass:object_getClass(self.person2)];
// 打印结果
2021-01-19 15:38:13.552990+0800 Interview01[41940:19730538] NSKVONotifying_MJPerson setAge:, class, dealloc, _isKVOA,
2021-01-19 15:38:13.553166+0800 Interview01[41940:19730538] MJPerson setAge:, age,
通过上面一系列操作可以汇总为:
- 利用RuntimeAPI动态生成一个子类,并且让instance对象的isa指向这个全新的子类
- 全新的子类会重写class这个函数,并返回父类类型- 当修改instance对象的属性时,会调用Foundation的_NSSetXXXValueAndNotify函数– 调用willChangeValueForKey:– 调用父类原来的setter– 调用didChangeValueForKey:– 内部会触发监听器(Oberser)的监听方法 observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context:
注意:
当观察对象移除所有的监听后,会将观察对象的isa指向原来的类
当观察对象的监听全部移除后,动态生成的类不会注销,而是留在下次观察时候再使用,避免反复创建中间子类
KVO的应用场景
1.监听ScrollView的偏移量,改变导航栏背景色
2.给TextView增加placeHolder,通过KVO监听文本是否输入对应隐藏展示placeHolder
KVC
KVC的全称是Key-Value Coding,俗称“键值编码”,可以通过一个key来访问某个属性
KVC的使用
可以通过setValue: forKeyPath: 和setValue: forKey:来给属性赋值,valueForKeyPath:和valueForKey:来获取属性值。
setValue: forKeyPath:可以根据keyPath找到更深层次的属性来赋值,setValue: forKey:就只能找当前对象的属性,见下面示例代码
// 示例代码
@interface Cat : NSObject
@property (assign, nonatomic) int weight;
@end
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (assign, nonatomic) int age;
@property (strong, nonatomic) Cat *cat;
@end
@implementation Cat
@end
@implementation Person
@end
Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
[person setValue:@10 forKey:@"age"];
person.cat = [[Cat alloc] init];
[person setValue:@80 forKeyPath:@"cat.weight"];
// NSLog(@"%d, %d", person.age, person.cat.weight);
NSLog(@"%@", [person valueForKey:@"age"]);
NSLog(@"%@", [person valueForKeyPath:@"cat.weight"]);
// 输出:10,80
注意:
- 如果person.cat没有创建对象,那么setValue: forKeyPath:也不能给cat.weight属性赋值
- 如果用setValue: forKey:方法来给cat.weight属性赋值,那么会抛出异常[<Person 0x100510ec0> setValue:forUndefinedKey:]
KVC的实现本质
setValue: forKey: 的实现本质
1.在Person里分别添加和注释setAge:、_setAge:两个方法,然后运行程序发现,内部会按顺序分别查找每个方法是否存在
@interface Person : NSObject
@end
@implementation Person
// 分别打开和注释下面两个方法
//- (void)setAge:(int)age
//{
// NSLog(@"setAge: - %d", age);
//}
- (void)_setAge:(int)age
{
NSLog(@"_setAge: - %d", age);
}
@end
2.注释掉上面两个方法后,重写accessInstanceVariablesDirectly方法并对应返回YES和NO,运行程序发现返回NO会抛出异常,说明不会再去查找是否有对应的属性。
accessInstanceVariablesDirectly默认的返回值就是YES
// 默认的返回值就是YES
+ (BOOL)accessInstanceVariablesDirectly
{
//return YES;
return NO;
}
3.最后我们在给Person对象分别添加和注释_age、_isAge、age、isAge这几个成员变量,运行程序发现,内部会按顺序分别查找每个成员变量是否存在,如果都没找到也会抛出异常
// 分别打开和注释下面的每个成员变量
@interface Person : NSObject
{
@public
// int age;
// int isAge;
// int _isAge;
int _age;
}
@end
通过上面一系列操作可以汇总为:
valueForKey: 的实现本质
1.在Person里分别添加和注释getAge、age、isAge、_age几个方法,然后运行程序发现,内部会按顺序查找每个方法是否存在
@interface Person : NSObject
@end
@implementation MJPerson
// 分别打开和注释下面两个方法
- (int)getAge
{
return 11;
}
//- (int)age
//{
// return 12;
//}
//- (int)isAge
//{
// return 13;
//}
//- (int)_age
//{
// return 14;
//}
@end
2.同setValue: forKey:第二部操作一样,如果返回值为NO则抛出异常[<Person 0x105820160> valueForUndefinedKey:]
libc++abi.dylib: terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException
*** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSUnknownKeyException', reason: '[<Person 0x105820160> valueForUndefinedKey:]: this class is not key value coding-compliant for the key age.'
3.同setValue: forKey:最后一步操作一样,只不过找到了对应的对应的成员变量直接取值,找不到也会抛出上面的异常
通过上面一系列操作也可以汇总为:
KVC的应用场景
1.可以通过KVC获取到私有成员变量,以及修改私有成员变量的值
iOS13之后苹果不允许通过KVC获取系统API的私有成员了,会crash
通过KVC访问自定义类型的私有成员还是可以的
2.字典转模式
面试题
1.如何手动触发KVO?手动调用willChangeValueForKey:和didChangeValueForKey:
2.直接修改成员变量会触发KVO么
不会触发KVO
3.通过KVC修改属性会触发KVO么?
会触发KVO
如示例代码所示,我们给Person添加一个成员变量age和一个只读属性weight,然后都是通过KVC的方式分别给它们赋值,发现都会触发KV0监听,并调用了willChangeValueForKey和didChangeValueForKey方法
// Person.h
@interface Person : NSObject
{
@public
int age;
}
@property (assign, nonatomic, readonly) int weight;
@end
// Person.m
@implementation Person
- (void)willChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key
{
[super willChangeValueForKey:key];
NSLog(@"willChangeValueForKey");
}
- (void)didChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key
{
NSLog(@"didChangeValueForKey - begin");
[super didChangeValueForKey:key];
NSLog(@"didChangeValueForKey - end");
}
@end
// ViewController.m
@interface ViewController ()
@property (strong, nonatomic) Person *person;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
self.person = [[Person alloc] init];
//添加KVO监听
[self.person addObserver: self forKeyPath:@"age" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:NULL];
[self.person addObserver: self forKeyPath:@"weight" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:NULL];
[self.person setValue:@10 forKey:@"age"];
[self.person setValue:@20 forKey:@"weight"];
}
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change context:(void *)context{
NSLog(@"observeValueForKeyPath: %@",change);
}
- (void)dealloc {
[self.person removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age"];
[self.person removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"weight"];
}
@end
// 输出结果
//willChangeValueForKey
//didChangeValueForKey - begin
//observeValueForKeyPath: {
// kind = 1;
// new = 10;
// old = 0;
//}
//didChangeValueForKey - end
//
//
//willChangeValueForKey
//didChangeValueForKey - begin
//observeValueForKeyPath: {
// kind = 1;
// new = 20;
// old = 0;
//}
//didChangeValueForKey - end
4.怎么通过KVO监听数组的元素变化?
我们可以通过数组的KVC方式添加元素,其底层会调用KVO触发监听器来监听数组元素变化
@interface ViewController ()
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray *lines;
@end
@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
self.lines = [NSMutableArray array];
[self addObserver: self forKeyPath:@"lines" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld context:NULL];
[[self mutableArrayValueForKey:@"lines"] addObject:@"1"];
}
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change context:(void *)context{
NSLog(@"observeValueForKeyPath: %@",change);
}
- (void)dealloc {
[self removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"lines"];
}
@end
// 打印:
observeValueForKeyPath: {
indexes = "<_NSCachedIndexSet: 0x6000030afe60>[number of indexes: 1 (in 1 ranges), indexes: (0)]";
kind = 2;
new = (
1
);
}
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